问题描述
从几周前开始，我就在尝试在我的电脑上安装 Skype。我以为这将是一项直接的任务，但它正在成为一场噩梦。
到目前为止我尝试了什么：
使用 apt 从命令行安装
最简单的也是最有可能有人会尝试的：\n sudo apt-get install skype
但不幸的是我得到了这个：
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed.
This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are
using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not
yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following
information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
skype :
Depends:
skype-bin
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
如果我尝试 sudo apt-get intall skype-bin，我会得到：
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or
been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to
resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies: skype-bin:i386 :
Depends: libqt4-dbus:i386 (>= 4:4.5.3) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libqt4-network:i386 (>= 4:4.8.0) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libqt4-xml:i386 (>= 4:4.5.3) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libqtcore4:i386 (>= 4:4.7.0~beta1) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libqtgui4:i386 (>= 4:4.8.0) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libqtwebkit4:i386 (>= 2.2~2011week36) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: sni-qt:i386 but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
之后，我尝试使用 sudo apt-get clean 、 sudo apt-get update 、 sudo apt-get autoclean 和 sudo apt-get -f install 等命令来解决包依赖性的任何问题，但完全没有成功。
我已按照此处说明的说明进行操作 ( How do I install Skype? )，但它也不起作用。
从软件中心安装
如果我尝试从软件中心安装，我会得到与从终端运行 sudo apt-get install skype 完全相同的错误。
使用 Ubuntu Tweak 安装
也失败了，我收到以下错误：
\\n
skype: Depends: skype-bin, but it is a virtual package.
\\n
使用 Synaptic 安装
我也遵循了此处描述的说明：
community.skype.com/t5 /Linux /Unable-to-install-due-to-unmet-dependencies-Skype-bin/m-p/1339650/highlight/true#M3329
大部分相同，也不起作用。
安装官方 Skype .deb
从 http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/downloading/?type=ubuntu64 下载 skype-ubuntu-precise_4.1.0.20-1_i386.deb 后，我尝试通过软件中心安装它，但它显示以下错误：
无法安装 ‘lbqt4-dbus:i386’
试图修复 apt
我试图按照这篇文章 (How do I resolve unmet dependencies after adding a PPA?) 来修复包可能存在的任何问题，但没有成功。
按照 Ubuntu 帮助说明进行操作
如果我尝试按照 https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Skype I have problems when running sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 中解释的说明进行操作，我会得到以下信息：
\\n
dpkg: error: unknown option –add-architecture
\\n
我还通过关注我发现的其他帖子和解决方案尝试了其他方法，但这对我没有任何帮助。在这一点上，我完全迷路了，我不知道我还能做什么。我希望有人能提出任何解决方案。
这是我的 sources.list 的内容，以防万一：
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/main/binary-i386/
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/restricted/binary-i386/
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ precise main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-updates main restricted
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-updates universe
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-updates multiverse
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
# deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
# deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ precise partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ precise partner
最佳方案
Gx1sptDTDa 和 Alejandro Garc\xeda Seco 的组合非常适合我。
-
打开终端 (
Ctrl+Alt+T)。 -
将其复制并粘贴到终端中：
\n
sudo apt-get install libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-network:i386 libqt4-xml:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtgui4:i386 libqtwebkit4:i386 sni-qt:i386\n\n
按
Enter。 -
然后通过粘贴此安装 Skype：
\n
sudo apt-get install skype\n
Skype 4.2 在我新的 Ubuntu 12.04 LTE 64 位上运行。
次佳方案
>>对于 32 位
终端命令：
wget http://download.skype.com/linux/skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
sudo apt-get -f install;rm skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
>>对于 64 位
终端命令：
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
sudo apt-get install ia32-libs
sudo apt-get update
wget http://download.skype.com/linux/skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
sudo apt-get -f install;rm skype-ubuntu-lucid_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
所有这些都在终端 sudo apt-get install sni-qt:i386 中运行；这将恢复 Skype 联系人窗口
仅此而已，最多 5 分钟即可完成工作。我在 64 位上使用 Ubuntu，这种安装 Skype 的方法总是很完美。
第三种方案
好的，我找到了解决问题的方法。我已按照此处描述的步骤操作：http://rumytaulu.wordpress.com/2012/10/26/cant-install-ia32-libs-and-ia32-libs-multiarch-how-to-fix-it/
之后，我简单地运行了 sudo apt-get install skype 并且……瞧，它起作用了！
我必须说我有一个负面的后果。按照第三步中的描述运行 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 后，如果我运行 sudo apt-get autoremove ，我会得到以下信息：
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
2 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Setting up grub-efi-amd64 (1.99-21ubuntu3.9) ...
/var/lib/dpkg/info/grub-efi-amd64.postinst: line 684: grub-install: command not found
dpkg: error processing grub-efi-amd64 (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 127
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of grub-efi-amd64-signed:
grub-efi-amd64-signed depends on grub-efi-amd64 (>= 1.99-21ubuntu3.5); however:
Package grub-efi-amd64 is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing grub-efi-amd64-signed (--configure):
dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
Errors were encountered while processing:
grub-efi-amd64
grub-efi-amd64-signed
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
幸运的是，一切正常，但现在我想用 Grub 包解决这个问题，特别是因为它与非常关键的 Grub 相关。我只是想知道是否可以在启动计算机时发现更多意想不到的问题…
好吧，如果我设法解决这个不良后果，我会更新这个答案。如果有人知道怎么做，请告诉我。
更新：
我设法解决了 GRUB 包的问题，在这里描述了问题和解决方案：Unable to fix broken package system