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我如何创建完全无人值守的Ubuntu安装?

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问题描述

我需要一张CD或USB棒,它将在完全无头的机器上安装Ubuntu。将CD放入并重新启动,不应涉及任何键盘或屏幕。

有几个障碍:

  1. 第一次启动CD时的语言选择菜单。

  2. CD菜单等待的事实。

  3. 安装程序在安装过程中询问问题。

最佳解决方案

完整的解决方案是:

重新制作一张CD,即下载一个非图形化的ubuntu安装ISO(服务器或备用安装CD),然后安装它

$ sudo su -
# mkdir -p /mnt/iso
# mount -o loop ubuntu.iso /mnt/iso

将相关文件复制到其他目录

# mkdir -p /opt/ubuntuiso
# cp -rT /mnt/iso /opt/ubuntuiso

防止出现语言选择菜单

# cd /opt/ubuntuiso
# echo en >isolinux/lang

使用GUI程序添加名为ks.cfg的kickstart文件

# apt-get install system-config-kickstart
# system-config-kickstart # save file to ks.cfg

要为安装添加软件包,请将%package部分添加到ks.cfg kickstart文件中,并附加到ks.cfg文件的末尾。

%packages
@ ubuntu-server
openssh-server
ftp
build-essential

这将安装ubuntu-server “bundle”,并将添加openssh-serverftpbuild-essential软件包。

添加一个预先定义的文件,以抑制其他问题

# echo 'd-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition \
select Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
d-i partman/confirm boolean true' > ks.preseed

将启动命令行设置为使用kickstart和预置文件

# vi isolinux/txt.cfg

搜索

label install
  menu label ^Install Ubuntu Server
  kernel /install/vmlinuz
  append  file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet --

ks=cdrom:/ks.cfgpreseed/file=/cdrom/ks.preseed添加到追加行。您可以删除quietvga=788文字。它应该看起来像

  append file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed \
     initrd=/install/initrd.gz \
     ks=cdrom:/ks.cfg preseed/file=/cdrom/ks.preseed --

现在创建一个新的iso

# mkisofs -D -r -V "ATTENDLESS_UBUNTU" \
     -cache-inodes -J -l -b isolinux/isolinux.bin \
     -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
     -boot-info-table -o /opt/autoinstall.iso /opt/ubuntuiso

而已。你将拥有一张CD,一旦你从它启动,就可以安装一个Ubuntu系统,而不需要单个按键。

次佳解决方案

这是一个执行这个过程的shell脚本,感谢您的介绍:http://www.utech.de/2013/05/shell-script-creating-a-cd-for-unattended-ubuntu-server-installations/

你在链接后面找到的脚本基本上实现了@Elazar描述的过程,所以主要部分只是上面的屏幕。我添加了一段时间保存某人的链接,并为其他版本的Ubuntu重复此操作更容易一些。

第三种解决方案

这个问题的说明涵盖了创建EFI可启动ISO(如官方Ubuntu x86_64 ISO)的过程:

How do I create an EFI-bootable ISO of a customized version of Ubuntu?

主要区别在于将其设置为预先选定的文件:

d-i partman-auto/method string lvm
d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max
d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label     boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition            select  finish
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite         boolean true
d-i partman/confirm                     boolean true
d-i partman-auto/purge_lvm_from_device  boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm       boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm                 boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite     boolean true
d-i partman-auto/init_automatically_partition       select      Guided - use entire disk and set up LVM
d-i partman/choose_partition                select      Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
d-i partman-auto-lvm/no_boot            boolean true
d-i partman-md/device_remove_md         boolean true
d-i partman-md/confirm                  boolean true
d-i partman-md/confirm_nooverwrite      boolean true

将其用作kickstart文件:

lang en_US
langsupport en_US
keyboard us
mouse
timezone America/Los_Angeles
rootpw --disabled
user USERNAME --fullname "USERNAME" --password "PASSWORD"
reboot
text
install
cdrom
auth  --useshadow  --enablemd5 
network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0
firewall --disabled 
skipx
%packages
@ ubuntu-server
openssh-server

编辑ISO的grub EFI引导配置:

sudo nano ~/ubuntu/boot/grub/grub.cfg

设置:

if loadfont /boot/grub/font.pf2 ; then
    set gfxmode=auto
    insmod efi_gop
    insmod efi_uga
    insmod gfxterm
    terminal_output gfxterm
fi

set menu_color_normal=white/light-blue
set menu_color_highlight=light-blue/light-gray
set timeout=10
set default=0

menuentry "Automatically Install Ubuntu Server with Custom Config" {
    set gfxpayload=keep
    linux   /install/vmlinuz  file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed quiet ks=cdrom:/ks.cfg preseed/file=/cdrom/ks.preseed --
    initrd  /install/initrd.gz
}
menuentry "OEM install (for manufacturers)" {
    set gfxpayload=keep
    linux   /install/vmlinuz  file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed quiet oem-config/enable=true --
    initrd  /install/initrd.gz
}
menuentry "Multiple server install with MAAS" {
    set gfxpayload=keep
    linux   /install/vmlinuz  modules=maas-enlist-udeb vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet --
    initrd  /install/initrd.gz
}
menuentry "Check disc for defects" {
    set gfxpayload=keep
    linux   /install/vmlinuz  MENU=/bin/cdrom-checker-menu quiet --
    initrd  /install/initrd.gz
}
menuentry "Rescue a broken system" {
    set gfxpayload=keep
    linux   /install/vmlinuz  rescue/enable=true --
    initrd  /install/initrd.gz
}

设置isolinux /txt.cfg像这样:

default install
label install
  menu label ^Install Ubuntu Server with Custom Config
  kernel /install/vmlinuz
  append file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed initrd=/install/initrd.gz ks=cdrom:/ks.cfg preseed/file=/cdrom/ks.preseed --
label cloud
  menu label ^Multiple server install with MAAS
  kernel /install/vmlinuz
  append   modules=maas-enlist-udeb vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet --
label check
  menu label ^Check disc for defects
  kernel /install/vmlinuz
  append   MENU=/bin/cdrom-checker-menu vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet --
label memtest
  menu label Test ^memory
  kernel /install/mt86plus
label hd
  menu label ^Boot from first hard disk
  localboot 0x80

创建一个双引导目录ISO:

sudo mkisofs -U -A "Custom1404" -V "Custom1404" -volset "Custom1404" -J -joliet-long -r -v -T -o ../Custom1404.iso -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -eltorito-alt-boot -e boot/grub/efi.img -no-emul-boot .

验证EFI-bootable ISO已创建:

dumpet -i Custom1404.iso 

输出:

Validation Entry:
    Header Indicator: 0x01 (Validation Entry)
    PlatformId: 0x00 (80x86)
    ID: ""
    Checksum: 0x55aa
    Key bytes: 0x55aa
Boot Catalog Default Entry:
    Entry is bootable
    Boot Media emulation type: no emulation
    Media load segment: 0x0 (0000:7c00)
    System type: 0 (0x00)
    Load Sectors: 4 (0x0004)
    Load LBA: 3100 (0x00000c1c)
Section Header Entry:
    Header Indicator: 0x91 (Final Section Header Entry)
    PlatformId: 0xef (EFI)
    Section Entries: 1
    ID: ""
Boot Catalog Section Entry:
    Entry is bootable
    Boot Media emulation type: no emulation
    Media load address: 0 (0x0000)
    System type: 0 (0x00)
    Load Sectors: 4672 (0x1240)
    Load LBA: 1932 (0x0000078c)

参考资料

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