问题描述
使用安装脚本安装了 HP Linux Imaging and Printing 并且某些东西崩溃了。现在我只是我自己组和 lp
的成员。
例如,Ubuntu 12.10 中用户的默认组是哪些? Same as this ?
出于好奇,有没有地方记录这些信息?例如,一些日志文件显示我的用户在上次启动时所在的组?此信息(哪些组是默认的)是否记录在某处?
最佳思路
A) 简答
默认组;说 user123,在全新安装时 – (在终端中使用命令 groups
):
user123 adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare
给出与 11.04 的差异为
-
admin
is replaced bysudo
-
dialout
被移除 -
添加了
dip
。
获取/查看默认值。也可能对其他各种人有用;做:
sudo grep user-setup /var/log/installer/syslog
B) 恢复默认组
(添加这个使其更完整)
1. 识别群体
我总是设置 root 密码,但如果你没有使用 live CD、live USB、其他安装等来访问文件。
如果您已设置 root 密码(即通过):
sudo passwd root
并失去了 sudo
权限,请执行以下操作:
su - root
grep user-setup /var/log/installer/syslog
给你即
... user-setup: pwconv: failed to change the mode of /etc/passwd- to 0600
... user-setup: Shadow passwords are now on.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' ...
... user-setup: Adding new group `user123' (1000) ...
... user-setup: Adding new user `user123' (1000) with group `user123' ...
... user-setup: Creating home directory `/home/user123' ...
... user-setup: Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
... user-setup: addgroup: The group `lpadmin' already exists as a system group. Exiting.
... user-setup: Adding group `sambashare' (GID 124) ...
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `adm' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group adm
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `cdrom' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group cdrom
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `dip' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group dip
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `lpadmin' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group lpadmin
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `plugdev' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group plugdev
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `sambashare' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group sambashare
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: adduser: The group `debian-tor' does not exist.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `sudo' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group sudo
... user-setup: Done.
... ubiquity: Removing user-setup ...
... ubiquity: Purging configuration files for user-setup ...
或者:
su - root
grep "user-setup: Adding user user123 to group" /var/log/installer/syslog | cut -d' ' -f11
其中产生:
adm
cdrom
dip
lpadmin
plugdev
sambashare
sudo
(不知道为什么 dip
突然通过安装成为默认组。与 dialout
被删除有关吗?)
2.a 更新组 – 使用 “内置” 根访问
所以,以 root 身份向用户添加组,即用户 user123
:
usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
其中( Somewhat outdated on 12.10 ):
adm Monitor system logs
cdrom Use CD-ROM drives
lpadmin Configure printers
sudo administer the system, ...
sambashare Share files with the local network
dip Connect to the Internet using a modem
plugdev Access external storage devices
您可能需要的一些额外功能:(通过 root@YOURPC:~# id -nG user123
检查您拥有的内容)
dialout ttyS*/Serial/COM1,COM2 ...
vboxusers Virtual Box
user123 Your own group
如果你想; double-check /etc/group ,即(这里有一些额外内容):
root@YOURPC:~# grep user123 /etc/group
adm:x:4:user123
audio:x:29:user123,timidity,pulse
video:x:44:user123
lp:x:7:user123
dialout:x:20:user123
cdrom:x:24:user123
sudo:x:27:user123
dip:x:30:user123
plugdev:x:46:user123
lpadmin:x:107:user123
user123:x:1000:
sambashare:x:124:user123
vboxusers:x:127:user123
autologin:x:1001:user123
作为另一种选择,可以启动到救援模式并
mount -o remount,rw /
usermod -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
注销并登录。应该更新组。
2.b 更新组 – 使用来自 Live-CD 等的 root 访问权限。
xxx
此处是运行实时版本时 file-system 的安装位置,即 /media/foo
。
使用 vigr 手动编辑文件 /xxx/etc/group
并添加用户,如前面的列表所示。
或者;只将用户添加到 sudo;如:
sudo:x:27:user123
通过使用 sudo
执行 usermod
命令启动到您的安装和更新:
sudo usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
注销并登录。应该更新组。
双重注意:从 11.10 开始, admin
不再是 Ubuntu 的一部分,取而代之的是 sudo
。